Potensi Ekstrak Kaya Melatonin Kacang Merah (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) dalam Menurunkan Kadar Kolesterol Total pada Kondisi Diabetes Melitus: Suatu Kajian Literatur
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26714/uwc.v8.336-347.2025Keywords:
melatonin, phaseolus vulgaris, dislipidemia, kolesterol total, diabetes melitusAbstract
Dislipidemia merupakan salah satu komplikasi utama pada diabetes melitus yang berkontribusi terhadap meningkatnya risiko penyakit kardiovaskular akibat ketidakseimbangan metabolisme lipid. Terapi farmakologis seperti statin dan metformin efektif, namun memiliki efek samping, sehingga diperlukan alternatif berbasis bahan alam. Kacang merah (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) diketahui mengandung melatonin serta senyawa bioaktif seperti flavonoid, saponin, dan serat larut yang berperan dalam menurunkan kadar kolesterol melalui berbagai mekanisme biokimia. Artikel ini bertujuan meninjau literatur terkait potensi ekstrak kaya melatonin kacang merah dalam menurunkan kadar kolesterol total pada kondisi diabetes melitus. Metode yang digunakan adalah tinjauan pustaka naratif terhadap publikasi ilmiah nasional dan internasional yang membahas hubungan antara melatonin, metabolisme lipid, dan dislipidemia diabetes. Hasil telaah menunjukkan bahwa melatonin dapat mengaktifkan jalur AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), menurunkan aktivitas acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), serta meningkatkan ekspresi peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) dan carnitine palmitoyl-CoA transferase 1 (CPT1), yang berperan dalam oksidasi lemak dan penurunan lipogenesis. Flavonoid dan saponin dalam kacang merah juga mendukung penurunan kolesterol melalui penghambatan penyerapan lipid di usus. Secara keseluruhan, literatur mendukung potensi ekstrak kacang merah kaya melatonin sebagai agen alami yang efektif dan relatif aman dalam menurunkan kadar kolesterol total pada penderita diabetes melitus.
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Abstract
Dyslipidemia is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus and contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to lipid metabolism imbalance. Pharmacological therapies such as statins and metformin are effective but often associated with adverse side effects, thereby necessitating the exploration of natural-based alternatives. Red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are known to contain melatonin and various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, saponins, and soluble fiber, which play crucial roles in reducing cholesterol levels through multiple biochemical mechanisms. This article aims to review the existing literature on the potential of melatonin-rich red kidney bean extract in lowering total cholesterol levels in diabetes mellitus. The method used is a narrative literature review of national and international scientific publications discussing the relationship between melatonin, lipid metabolism, and diabetic dyslipidemia. The review findings indicate that melatonin can activate the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, reduce acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) activity, and enhance the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyl-CoA transferase 1 (CPT1), which contribute to fat oxidation and reduced lipogenesis. Additionally, flavonoids and saponins in red kidney beans support cholesterol reduction by inhibiting lipid absorption in the intestine. Overall, the reviewed literature supports the potential of melatonin-rich red kidney bean extract as a natural, effective, and relatively safe agent for lowering total cholesterol levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
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